Talmud 2000 B.C. Hebrew (Genetics)- stated that any newborn male should not be circumcised if his brother or maternal uncle died of bleeding at circumcision
|
Hippocrates 400 B.C. Greek (Genetics)- discussed sex determination, Paracelcus describes homunculi
|
Galenus, Claudius 170 A.D. Roman (Human Biology)- 1st experimental physiologist, determined nerve and blood vessel functions, proposed an incorrect blood flow pattern
|
Jansen, Zacharias 1595 Dutch (Cell Biology)- claimed to have made the first compound microscope
|
Harvey, William 1628 English (Human Biology)- showed heart and blood vessels form a closed circuit of circulation, the first to propose the correct blood flow pattern
|
Helmont, Jean-Baptiste Van 1648 Dutch (Photosynthesis)- tested plant growth with a willow tree and found growth was not from soil but from water.
|
Hooke, Robert 1665 English (Cell Biology)- invented the term "cells" for his observations of cells in cork
|
Redi, Francesco 1668 Italian (Evolution)- demonstrated that flies produce maggots, not decaying meat
|
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van 1674 Dutch (Cell Biology)- observed numerous protozoan cells types with self built scopes
|
Arnhem, Johann Hamm von 1677 Dutch (Genetics)- told Anton von Leeuwenhoek he saw animalcules in semen
|
Trembley, Abraham 1702 Swiss (Natural History)- observed the feeding behavior of the freshwater hydra, a Cnidarian, and first showed that it was not a plant but instead an animal
|
Linnaeus, Carolus 1735 Swedish (Taxonomy)- in Systema Naturae and Species Plantarum, a two word species naming system is proposed
|
Maupertius, Pierre 1752 French (Genetics)- observed segregation in 4 generations of a family with polydactlyly
|
Buffon, Georges Le Clerc 1760 French (Evolution)- after studies of homologous animal skeletons, he stated that all backboned animals were related
|
Spallanzani, Lazzaro 1768 Italian (Evolution)- demonstrated that boiled and sealed flasks grew no microbes unless the seal was broken, showing that microbes were present in air
|
Priestley, Joseph 1771 English (Photosynthesis)- documented that candles and mice "injured the air" in closed jars, which could be restored by a green plant
|
Ingenhousz, Jan 1779 Dutch (Photosynthesis)- showed that only green leaves carried on photosynthesis, observed will sprigs under water produce oxygen gas
|
Senebier, Jean 1782 Swiss (Photosynthesis)- found that plants use carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and the carbon dioxide contributes nourishment to the plant
|
Spallanzani, Lazzaro 1784 Italian (Genetics)- filtered dog sperm from semen to show that sperm cause pregnancy
|
Malthus, Thomas 1789 British (Evolution)- wrote a paper on human population growth, "Essay on the Principle of Population", first coined the phrase "struggle for existence"
|
Dalton, John 1794 British (Genetics)- first to study and document the cause of colorblindness
|
Sassure, Nicolas Theodore de 1804 Swiss (Photosynthesis)- documented that carbon dioxide and water contributes to plant nutrition
|
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de 1809 French (Evolution)- published first theory of evolution, albeit erroneous
|
Adams, Joseph 1814 British (Genetics)- distinguished between dominant and recessive human inheritance
|
Nasse, Christian 1820 German (Genetics)- described the inheritance pattern of hemophilia
|
Dutrochet, Rene 1824 French (Cell Biology)- stated that all plant and animal tissues were aggregates of cells
|
Brown, Robert 1831 English (Cell Biology)
|
Darwin, Charles 1831 English (Evolution)- set sail on H.M.S. Beagle (Dec. 27) and returned Oct. 2nd, 1836
|
Lyell, Charles 1832 English (Evolution)- geologist who wrote "Principles of Geology", which state the earth was old
|
Dujardin, Felix 1835 French (Cell Biology)
|
Schleiden, Matthias 1838 German (Cell Biology)- botanist that stated that plant cells were the basis of plant structure and function, discovered the nucleolus
|
Schwann, Theodor 1839 German (Cell Biology)- physiologist that stated that animal cells were the basis of animal structure and function
|
Koch, Robert 1843 German (Human Biology)- 1st established a step by step method for identifying the pathogen responsible for a disease (sample, culture, infect, sample, culture)
|
Virchow, Rudolf 1855 German (Cell Biology)- first to propose that "cells only arise from preexisting cells"
|
Galton, Francis 1857 British (Genetics)- studied human intelligence and height, developed the twin method to separate genetic and environmental effects, compared mono and dizygotic twins, headed English Biometrical School (opposed Gregor Mendel)
|
Wallace, Alfred Russel 1858 British (Evolution)- proposed natural selection theory jointly with Charles Darwin at English Linnaean Society meeting
|
Darwin, Charles 1859 English (Evolution)- published the landmark book: The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
|
Pasteur, Louis 1861 French (Cell Biology)- performed the classic "bent-necked flask experiments" to show that spontaneous generation did not occur in broth solutions continually exposed to air
|
Sachs, Julius 1864 German (Photosynthesis)- observed starch grains grow in a leaf under a microscope, suggesting that the organic matter made by photosynthesis was carbohydrate
|
Haeckel, Ernst 1866 German (Evolution)- first to invent the term "ecology" to describe the interactions between life forms and their environment
|
Mendel, Gregor 1866 Austrian (Genetics)- presented his completed classical pea genetics experiment, the father of Genetics
|
Miescher, Friedrich 1869 Swiss (Genetics)
|
Darwin, Charles 1881 English (Botany)- with son Francis Darwin, studied positive phototropism, used canary grass and oat seedlings
|
Darwin, Francis 1881 British (Botany)- with father Charles Darwin, studied positive phototropism, used canary grass and oat seedlings
|
Engelmann, Theodor 1882 German (Photosynthesis)- showed chlorophyll to play important role in photosynthesis with spirogyra, seeing bacteria cluster near bands of red and blue exposed sections of spirogyra
|
Barnes, Charles 1893 American (Photosynthesis)- proposed the term "photosynthesis" to name the activity of plants producing foodstuffs using light energy
|
Yersin, Alexandre 1894 Swiss, French (Cell Biology)- discovered the cause of bubonic plague
|
Correns, Carl 1900 German (Genetics)- one of the 3 scientists that rediscovered Mendel's work
|
Devries, Hugo 1900 Dutch (Genetics)- one of the three scientists that rediscovered Mendel's work.
|
Tschermak, Eric 1900 Austrian (Genetics)- one of the 3 scientists that rediscovered Mendel's work
|
Neljubov, Dimitry 1901 Russian (Botany)- discovered ethylene in illuminating gas as a plant hormone
|
Garrod, Archibald. E. 1902 British (Genetics)- proposed Alkaptonuria was caused by a lack of an enzyme (inborn error of metabolism)
|
Sutton, Walter 1902 American (Genetics)- observed meiosis in fungi, related it to Mendel's work
|
Blackman, Frederick 1905 British (Photosynthesis)- deduced the presence of a light and dark reaction in photosynthesis by observing photosynthesis rates in different intensities of light and temperature
|
Hardey, Godfrey 1908 English (Genetics)- developed Hardey-Weinberg population genetics principles
|
Weinberg, Wilhelm 1908 German (Genetics)- developed Hardey-Weinberg population genetics principles
|
Morgan, Thomas Hunt 1910 American (Genetics)- studied fruit fly heredity, received 1933 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Warburg, Otto 1913 German (Respiration)- discovered that cyanide ions stop cellular oxygen consumption
|
Willstatter, Richard 1913 German (Photosynthesis)- developed the molecular structure of chlorophyll
|
Bridges, Calvin 1916 American (Genetics)- first observed effects of nondisjuction in fruit flies, proposed the Chromosome Theory of Heredity
|
Allard, H. A. 1920 American (Botany)- with W. W. Garner, discovered photoperiodism in tobacco plants
|
Garner, W. W. 1920 American (Botany)- with H. A. Allard, discovered photoperiodism in tobacco plants
|
Oparin, Alexander 1922 Russian (Evolution)- proposed that the Earth's early atmosphere was not an oxidative one as it is now, but instead a reducing one
|
Spemann, Hans 1924 German (Genetics)- showed embryonic induction in salamander embryos, received 1935 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Went, Frits W. 1926 Dutch (Botany)- identified chemical agent responsible for phototropism by using agar and cut coleoptiles, named it auxin
|
Fleming, Alexander 1928 English (Human Biology)- discovered penicillin from Penicillium growing on his Staph cultures
|
Griffith, Fred J. 1928 English (Genetics)- discovered bacterial transformation in Streptococcus bacteria
|
Niel, Cornelis van 1930 Dutch (Photosynthesis)- oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from water, used purple sulfer bacteria
|
Ford, Edmund B. 1931 British (Evolution)- proposed that natural selection brought about changes in Biston betularia
|
Anderson, Paul 1935 American (Cell Biology)- with Kenneth Fitzsimmons, invented the first North American transmission electron microscope
|
Fitzsimmons, Kenneth 1935 American (Cell Biology)- with Paul Anderson, invented the first North American transmission electron microscope
|
Knoll, Max 1935 German (Cell Biology)- obtained first scanning electron microscope image
|
Haldane, J. B. S. 1937 English (Genetics)- observed the first linkage study with hemophilia and colorblindness
|
Krebs, Sir Hans 1937 English (Respiration)- first describes the TCA cycle, received 1953 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Bonner, James 1938 American (Botany)- with James Bonner, discovered that interruptions of the dark affected photoperiodic flowering of plants
|
Hamner, Karl C. 1938 American (Botany)- with Karl Hamner, discovered that interruptions of the dark affected photoperiodic flowering of plants
|
Embden, Gustav 1940 German (Respiration)- with Otto Meyerhof, determined the biochemical steps of glycolysis
|
Meyerhof, Otto 1940 German (Respiration)- with Gustav Embden, determined the biochemical steps of glycolysis, received 1922 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Beadle, George 1941 American (Genetics)- with Edward Tatum, studied neurospora to show that one gene makes one enzyme, recieved 1958 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Kamen, Martin 1941 Canadian-American (Photosynthesis)- with Samuel Ruben, showed that oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from water with radioactive isotopes
|
Ruben, Samuel 1941 American (Photosynthesis)- with Martin Kamen, showed that oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from water with radioactive isotopes
|
Tatum, Edward 1941 Canadian-American (Genetics)- with George Beadle, studied neurospora to show that one gene makes one enzyme. recieved 1958 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Mayr, Ernst 1942 German-American (Evolution)- introduced biological species concept
|
Hammerling, Joachim 1943 Danish-German (Cell Biology)- Acetabularia mediterranea + Acetabularia crenulata experiments showing the nucleus is the cell's control center
|
Avery, Oswald T. 1944 Canadian-American (Genetics)- with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, isolated DNA from heat killed bacteria to show that DNA was the transforming principle proposed by Griffith
|
MacLeod, Colin 1944 Canadian-American (Genetics)- with Oswald Avery and Maclyn McCarty, isolated DNA from heat killed bacteria to show that DNA was the transforming principle proposed by Griffith
|
McCarty, Maclyn 1944 American (Genetics)- with Oswald Avery and Colin MacLeod, isolated DNA from heat killed bacteria to show that DNA was the transforming principle proposed by Griffith
|
Chargaff, Erwin 1947 Austrian (Genetics)- documented that DNA contains equal amounts of purine and pyrimidine
|
Calvin, Melvin 1948 American (Photosynthesis)- extracted chemicals from methanol killed plant cells and analyzed them for C-14 content to determine the steps of carbon fixation in photosynthesis, received the 1961 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Lehninger, Albert 1948 American (Respiration)- discovered that mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation
|
McClintock, Barbara 1948 American (Genetics)- first identified mobile genetic elements in corn, received the 1983 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Franklin, Rosalind 1951 British (Genetics)- produced DNA X-ray crystallographs
|
Wilkins, Maurice 1951 British (Genetics)- managed the lab where Rosalind Franklin developed the X-ray crystallographs of DNA, passed along Rosalind Franklin's crystallographs to James Watson
|
Chase, Martha 1952 American (Genetics)- with Alfred Hershey, documented that viral DNA was responsible for bacteriophage heredity
|
Hershey, Alfred 1952 American (Genetics)- with Martha Chase, showed that viral DNA was responsible for bacteriophage heredity
|
Kettlewell, Bernard 1952 British (Evolution)- used mark-release-recapture technique to test E. B. Ford's hypothesis
|
Miller, Stanley 1952 American (Evolution)- with Harold Urey, conducted a reducing atmosphere experiment to explore the chemical origins of life
|
Urey, Harold 1952 American (Evolution)- with Stanley Miller, conducted a reducing atmosphere experiment to explore the chemical origins of life, recieved the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (for work on deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen)
|
Crick, Francis 1953 British (Genetics)- with James Watson, published structure for DNA, received 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Sherman, Jerome 1953 American (Genetics)- showed that frozen-thawed human sperm were capable of fertilization
|
Watson, James 1953 American (Genetics)- with Francis Crick, published structure of DNA, received 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Arnon, Daniel 1954 Polish-American (Photosynthesis)- showed that ATP was produced during photosynthesis
|
Salk, Jonas 1955 American (Human Biology)- developed the polio vaccine
|
Kornberg, Arthur 1956 American (Genetics)- discovered DNA Polymerase I in E. coli
|
Levan, Albert 1956 Swedish (Genetics)- with Joe Tjio, first to show that humans have 46 chromosomes per cell
|
Tjio, Joe 1956 Chinese-Dutch (Genetics)- with Albert Levan, first to show that humans have 46 chromosomes per cell
|
Emerson, Robert 1957 American (Photosynthesis)- showed that there are two photosystems in photosynthesis
|
Fox, Sydney 1958 American (Evolution)- demonstrated that proteinoids (protein-like macromolecules) spontaneously form from heating and drying mixtures of amino acids
|
Meselson, Matthew 1958 American (Genetics)- with Franklin Stahl, published proof of semiconservative DNA replication
|
Stahl, Franklin 1958 American (Genetics)- with Matthew Meselson, published proof of semiconservative DNA replication
|
Ford, John 1959 Scottish, British (Genetics)- with Patricia Jacobs, discovered the role of the Y chromosome in sex determination
|
Jacobs, Patricia 1959 British (Genetics)- with John Ford, discovered the role of the Y chromosome in sex determination
|
Lejeune, Jerome 1959 French (Genetics)- showed that a chromosome abberation could be responsible for a genetic defect
|
Hatch, Marshall 1960 Australian (Photosynthesis)- with H. P. Kortschak and C. R. Slack, discovered C4 photosynthesis
|
Kortschak; H. P. 1960 Australian (Photosynthesis)- with M. Hatch and C. R. Slack, discovered C4 photosynthesis
|
Mitchell, Peter 1960 British (Photosynthesis)- investigated chemiosmosis in chloroplasts, received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
|
Slack, C. R. 1960 Australian (Photosynthesis)- with H. P. Kortschak and Marshall Hatch, discovered C4 photosynthesis
|
Jacob, Francois 1961 French (Genetics)- with Jacques Monod, developed lac operon theory of E. coli gene control, received 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Monod, Jacques 1961 French (Genetics)- with Francois Jacob, developed lac operon theory of E. coli gene control, received 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Nirenberg, Marshall 1961 American (Genetics)- began deciphering genetic code, work completed by 1966, received 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine
|
Hennig, William 1966 German (Taxonomy)- proposed cladistics as method of classification
|
Margulis, Lynn 1966 American (Cell Biology)- introduced the endosymbiosis theory that explains the origin of the eukaryotes; also that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as separate prokaryotes that came to live within other cells
|
Okazaki, Reiji 1968 Japanese (Genetics)- reported continuous and discontinuous replication on opposing DNA strands
|
Eldredge, Niles 1972 American (Evolution)- paleontologist that, with Stephen Gould, proposed evolutionary punctuated equilibrium
|
Gefter, Malcolm 1972 American (Genetics)- with Thomas Kornberg, discovered DNA polymerase III in E. coli
|
Gould, Stephen J. 1972 American (Evolution)- paleontologist that, with Niles Eldredge, proposed evolutionary punctuated equilibrium
|
Kornberg, Thomas 1972 American (Genetics)- with Malcom Gefter, discovered DNA polymerase III in E. coli
|
Nicolson, Garth L. 1972 American (Cell Biology)- with S. J. Singer, introduced the Fluid-Mosaic Model of the cell membrane
|
Singer, Seymour J. 1972 American (Cell Biology)- with G.L. Nicolson, introduced the Fluid-Mosaic Model of the cell membrane.
|
Coulson, Alan 1975 British (Genetics)- with Frederick Sanger, invented the first DNA sequencing method
|
Sanger, Frederick 1975 British (Genetics)- with Alan Coulson, invented the first DNA sequencing method, received the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
|
Gilbert, Walter 1977 American (Genetics)- with Allan Maxam, developed rapid method for base sequencing DNA, received the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
|
Maxam, Allan 1977 American (Genetics)- with Walter Gilbert, developed rapid method for base sequencing DNA
|
Venter, Craig 2010 American (Genetics)- with coworkers, created the first life form with a fully synthetic genome
|
|
